Aerial refueling, also referred to as air refueling, in-flight refueling (IFR), air-to-air refueling (AAR), and tanking, is the process of transferring aviation fuel from one military aircraft (the tanker) to another (the receiver) during flight. The two main refueling systems are probe-and-drogue, which is simpler to adapt to existing aircraft, and the flying boom, which offers faster fuel transfer, but requires a dedicated boom operator station.
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The procedure allows the receiving aircraft to remain airborne longer, extending its range or loiter time. A series of air refueling can give range limited only by crew fatigue and engineering factors such as engine oil consumption. Because the receiver aircraft can be topped up with extra fuel in the air, air refueling can allow a takeoff with a greater payload which could be weapons, cargo, or personnel: the maximum takeoff weight is maintained by carrying less fuel and topping up once airborne. Aerial refueling has also been considered as a means to reduce fuel consumption on long-distance flights greater than 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi). Potential fuel savings in the range of 35–40% have been estimated for long-haul flights (including the fuel used during the tanker missions).
Usually, the aircraft providing the fuel is specially designed for the task, although refueling pods can be fitted to existing aircraft designs if the “probe-and-drogue” system is to be used. The cost of the refueling equipment on both tanker and receiver aircraft and the specialized aircraft handling of the aircraft to be refueled has resulted in the activity only being used in military operations. There is no known regular civilian in-flight refueling activity.
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Emergence of New Age Technologies
Many new technologies are being introduced with the evolution of aircrafts from past decade. Artificial intelligence, smart structures, hypersonic cruise, fuel cell technologies, improved human machine interface are in process of developments which can ensure quality and more safety standards. US sixth generation fighter programmes have been started since 2012. US Air Force and US Navy have been working on a network of integrated systems disaggregated across multiple platforms in its Air superiority 2030 plan.